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Storie di fuga:
I am a refugee, just a single world. The meaning of the word refugee
can be understood only by those who have heart and are willing to
understand.
La preparazione della missione
“For years, refugees knocking on the doors of american consulates abroad had been told, ‘You cannot enter America. The quotas are filled.’ And while the quotas remained untouchable, like tablets of stone, million died.” “Per anni, i rifugiati che bussavano alle porte dei consolati americani all’estero si sono sentiti dire, ‘Voi non potere entrare in America. Le quote sono al completo.’ E mentre le quote rimanevano intoccabili, come tavolette di pietra, milioni morivano.”
At the same time I feel that it is important that the United States indicate that it is ready to share the burden of caring for refugees during the war. Accordingly, I have decided that approximately 1,000 refugees should be immediately brought from Italy to this country, to be placed in an Emergency Refugee Shelter to be established at Fort Ontario near Oswego, New York, where under appropriate security restrictions they will remain for the duration of the war. These refugees will be brought into this country outside of the regular immigration procedure just as civilian internees from Latin American countries and prisoners of war have been brought here. The Emergency Refugee Shelter will be well equipped to take good care of these people. It is contemplated that at the end of the war they will be returned to their homelands. You may assume that the Emergency Refugee Shelter will be ready to receive these refugees when they arrive. I will appreciate it therefore if you will arrange for the departure to the United States as rapidly as possible, consistent with military requirements, of approximately 1,000 refugees in southern Italy. You may call upon representatives of the War Refugee Board in Algiers to assist you in this matter. The full cooperation of our military and naval authorities should be enlisted in effecting the prompt removal and transportation of the refugees. In choosing the refugees to be brought to the United States, please bear in mind that to the extent possible those refugees should be selected for whom other havens of refuge are not immediately available. I should, however, like the group to include a reasonable proportion of various categories of persecuted peoples who have fled to Italy. You should bear in mind that since these refugees are to be placed in a camp in the United States under appropriate security restrictions, the procedure for the selection of the refugees and arrangements for bringing them here should be as simple and expeditious as possible, uncomplicated by any of the usual formalities involved in admitting people to the United States under the immigration laws. However, please be sure that the necessary health checks are made to avoid bringing here persons afflicted with any loathsome, dangerous, or contagious disease. If you encounter any difficulties in arranging for the prompt departure of these refugees please let me know.
Fonte: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16519
Qualche giorno dopo, il 12 giugno, Roosevelt presentò al Congresso il suo piano per i rifugiati.
To the Congress:
Congress has repeatedly manifested its deep concern with the pitiful plight of the persecuted minorities in Europe whose lives are each day being offered in sacrifice on the altar of Nazi tyranny. This Nation is appalled by the systematic persecution of helpless minority groups by the Nazis. To us the unprovoked murder of innocent people simply because of race, religion, or political creed is the blackest of all possible crimes. Since the Nazis began this campaign many of our citizens in all walks of life and of all political and religious persuasions have expressed our feeling of repulsion and our anger. It is a matter with respect to which there is and can be no division of opinion amongst us. As the hour of the final defeat of the Hitlerite forces draws closer, the fury of their insane desire to wipe out the Jewish race in Europe continues undiminished. This is but one example: Many Christian. groups also are being murdered. Knowing that they have lost the war, the Nazis are determined to complete their program of mass extermination. This program is but one manifestation of Hitler's aim to salvage from military defeat victory for Nazi principles- the very principles which this war must destroy unless we shall have fought in vain. This Government has not only made clear its abhorrence of this inhuman and barbarous activity of the Nazis, but, in cooperation with other Governments, has endeavored to alleviate the condition of the persecuted peoples. In January of this year I determined that this Government should intensify its efforts to combat the Nazi terror. Accordingly, I established the War Refugee Board, composed of the Secretaries of State, Treasury, and War. This Board was charged with the responsibility of taking all action consistent with the successful prosecution of the war to rescue the victims of enemy oppression in imminent danger of death and to afford such victims all other possible relief and assistance. It was entrusted with the solemn duty of translating this Government's humanitarian policy into prompt action, thus manifesting once again in a concrete way that our kind of world and not Hitler's will prevail. Its purpose is directly and closely related to our whole war effort. Since its establishment, the War Refugee Board, acting through a full-time administrative staff, has made a direct and forceful attack on the problem. Operating quietly, as is appropriate, the Board, through its representatives in various parts of the world, has actually succeeded in saving the lives of innocent people. Not only have refugees been evacuated from enemy territory, but many measures have been taken to protect the lives of those who have not been able to escape. Above all, the efforts of the Board have brought new hope to the oppressed peoples of Europe. This statement is not idle speculation. From various sources, I have received word that thousands of people, wearied by their years of resistance to Hitler and by their sufferings to the point of giving up the struggle, have been given the will and desire to continue by the concrete manifestation of this Government's desire to do all possible to aid and rescue the oppressed. To the Hitlerites, their subordinates and functionaries and satellites, to the German people, and to all other peoples under the Nazi yoke, we have made clear our determination to punish all participants in these acts of savagery. In the name of humanity we have called upon them to spare the lives of these innocent people. Notwithstanding this Government's unremitting efforts, which are continuing, the numbers actually rescued from the jaws of death have been small compared with the numbers still facing extinction in German territory. This is due principally to the fact that our enemies, despite all our appeals and our willingness to find havens of refuge for the oppressed peoples, persist in their fiendish extermination campaign and actively prevent the intended victims from escaping to safety. In the face of this attitude of our enemies we must not fail to take full advantage of any opportunity, however limited, for the rescue of Hitler's victims. We are confronted with a most urgent situation. Therefore, I wish to report to you today concerning a step which I have just taken in an effort to save additional lives and which I am certain will meet with your approval. You will, I am sure, appreciate that this measure is not only consistent with the successful prosecution of the war, but that it was essential to take action without delay. Even before the Allied landing in Italy there had been a substantial movement of persecuted peoples of various races and nationalities into that country. This movement was undoubtedly prompted by the fact that, despite all attempts by the Fascists to stir up intolerance, the warm-hearted Italian people could not forsake their centuries-old tradition of tolerance and humanitarianism. The Allied landings swelled this stream of fleeing and hunted peoples seeking sanctuary behind the guns of the United Nations. However, in view of the military situation in Italy, the number of refugees who can be accommodated there is relatively limited. The Allied military forces, in view of their primary responsibility, have not been able generally speaking to encourage the escape of refugees from enemy territory. This unfortunate situation has prevented the escape of the largest possible number of refugees. Furthermore, as the number of refugees living in southern Italy increases, their care constitutes an additional and substantial burden for the military authorities. Recently the facilities for the care of refugees in southern Italy have become so overtaxed that unless many refugees who have already escaped to that area and are arriving daily, particularly from the Balkan countries, can be promptly removed to havens of refuge elsewhere, the escape of refugees to that area from German-occupied territory will be seriously impeded. It was apparent that prompt action was necessary to meet this situation. Many of the refugees in southern Italy have been and are being moved to temporary refuges in the territory of other United and friendly Nations. However, in view of the number of refugees still in southern Italy, the problem could not be solved unless temporary havens of refuge were found for some of them in still other areas. In view of this most urgent situation it seemed indispensable that the United States in keeping with our heritage and our ideals of liberty and justice take immediate steps to share the responsibility for meeting the problem. Accordingly, arrangements have been made to bring immediately to this country approximately 1,000 refugees who have fled from their homelands to southern Italy. Upon the termination of the war they will be sent back to their homelands. These refugees are predominantly women and children. They will be placed on their arrival in a vacated Army camp on the Atlantic Coast where they will remain under appropriate security restrictions. Fonte: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16521
Dei 982 rifugiati, 874 erano ebrei, 73 cattolici, 28 greco-ortodossi e 7 protestanti. 525 gli uomini, 457 le donne (165 erano i bambini). I paesi di provenienza erano 18. I gruppi più numerosi erano costituiti dagli yugoslavi, 368 persone, e dai polacchi che erano 152.
Diversi furono gli intoppi nell’organizzazione della partenza e la nave dovette rimanere attraccata cinque giorni con tutti i passeggeri a bordo prima di salpare il 17 luglio del 1944. Approdò a New York, dopo diciassette giorni di viaggio, il 3 agosto.
Le informazioni in mio possesso indicano che ci sono possibilità reali di salvare vite umane portando più rifugiati attraverso la Yugoslavia nell’Italia del sud. Inoltre sono informato che la fuga dei rifugiati attraverso questo itinerario di tanto in tanto è stata impedita perché sono state pretese troppe facilitazioni in Italia del sud per i rifugiati. Sono dell’avviso che attualmente la situazione è questa e che di conseguenza le possibilità di aumentare il flusso dei rifugiati in Italia possono essere perse. Capisco che molti dei rifugiati in Italia del sud sono stati e si stanno spostando verso i porti provvisori nelle zone adiacenti al Mediterraneo e che gli sforzi stanno facendo aumentare le attuali facilitazioni per i rifugiati in queste zone. Desidero che questo sforzo di portare i rifugiati dall'Italia alle zone relativamente vicine sia intensificato. Allo stesso tempo ritengo che sia importante che gli Stati Uniti indichino che sono pronti a condividere le difficoltà di occuparsi dei rifugiati durante la guerra. Di conseguenza, ho deciso che circa 1.000 rifugiati devono immediatamente essere portati dall'Italia in questo paese, per essere sistemati in un Emergency Refugee Shelter da stabilire a Fort Ontario vicino a Oswego, New York, dove sotto le appropriate restrizioni di sicurezza rimarranno per la durata della guerra. Questi rifugiati saranno introdotti in questo paese fuori della procedura normale di immigrazione appena così come sono stati portati qui gli internati civili dai paesi dell’America Latina e i prigionieri di guerra. Il Riparo d’Emergenza per i Rifugiati sarà ben attrezzato per prendersi cura di questa gente. È contemplato che alla conclusione della guerra dovranno tornare alle loro paesi d’origine. Potete
supporre che l’Emergency Refugee Shelter sarà pronto per ricevere questi
rifugiati quando arriveranno. Apprezzerò quindi se si organizzerà al più
presto possibile per la partenza negli Stati Uniti, coerente con i
requisiti militari, di circa 1.000 rifugiati in Italia del sud. Può
invitare i rappresentanti del War Refugees Board ad Algeri affinché
l’aiutino in questa materia. La cooperazione completa delle nostre
autorità militari e navali dovrebbe garantire l’appoggio nell'effettuare
rapidamente il trasferimento e il trasporto dei rifugiati. Tuttavia, la prego di essere sicuro che i controlli sanitari necessari siano fatti per evitare di portare qui le persone afflitte con qualche malattia destabile, pericolosa, o contagiosa. Se incontra delle difficoltà nell'organizzazione della partenza rapida di questi rifugiati per favore me lo faccia sapere.
Traduzione dei passi salienti Al congresso:
Il congresso ha manifestato ripetutamente la sua profonda preoccupazione per la pietosa situazione delle minoranze perseguitate in Europa le cui vite sono ogni giorno offerte in sacrificio sull’altare della tirannia nazista. Questa nazione è chiamata dalla sistematica persecuzione dei nazisti nei confronti delle minoranze indifese. Per noi l’ingiustificato omicidio di gente innocente semplicemente a causa della razza, della religione, o del credo politico è il più nero di tutti i crimini possibili. Da quando i nazisti hanno cominciato questa campagna, molti dei nostri cittadini in tutti i settori e di tutte le opinioni politiche e religiose hanno espresso il nostro sentimento di repulsione e la nostra rabbia. È un aspetto riguardo al quale non c’è e non può esserci divisione di opinione fra noi. Mentre l'ora della sconfitta finale delle forze di Hitler si avvicina, la furia del loro insano desiderio di eliminare la razza ebrea in Europa continua senza diminuire. (…) In gennaio di questo anno ho deciso che questo governo avrebbe intensificato i relativi sforzi per combattere il terrore nazista. Di conseguenza, ho stabilito il War Refugee Board, composto dal Ministro degli Esteri, del Tesoro e della Guerra. Il WRB ha la responsabilità di intraprendere tutta le azioni coerenti con il buon esito della prosecuzione della guerra per salvare le vittime dell’oppressione nemica in pericolo imminente di morte e per dare a tali vittime tutta l’assistenza possibile.(…) Anche prima che dello sbarco alleato in Italia c’è stato un notevole movimento delle persone perseguitate di varie razze e nazionalità in quel paese. Questo movimento è stato richiamato indubbiamente dal fatto che, malgrado tutti i tentativi dei fascisti di mescolarsi con l’intolleranza, la gente italiana dal cuore caldo non potrebbe abbandonare la sua secolare tradizione di tolleranza e umanitarismo. Gli sbarchi alleati hanno aumentato questo flusso di persone che fuggono si nascondono cercando il santuario dietro le pistole delle Nazioni Unite. Tuttavia, in considerazione della situazione militare in Italia, il numero di rifugiati che possono essere accomodati là è relativamente limitato. Le forze militari alleate, in considerazione della loro responsabilità primaria, non sono state in grado, generalmente parlando, di incoraggiare la fuga dei rifugiati dal territorio nemico. Questa situazione sfavorevole ha impedito la fuga del più grande numero possibile di rifugiati. Ancora, mentre il numero di rifugiati che vivono in Italia del sud aumenta, la loro cura costituisce una difficoltà supplementare e notevole per le autorità militari. (…) Di conseguenza, accordi sono stati presi per portare immediatamente in questo paese circa 1.000 rifugiati che sono fuggiti dai loro paesi nell’Italia del sud. Sul finire della guerra saranno mandati indietro verso i loro paesi d’origine. Questi rifugiati sono principalmente donne e bambini. Saranno sistemati al loro arrivo in un accampamento sgomberato dell'esercito sul litorale atlantico in cui rimarranno sotto le appropriate restrizioni di sicurezza.
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